Military History

1644: Showdown at Shanhaiguan

• Introduction
• Peasant Rebels: Zhang Xianzhong & Li Zicheng
• The Northeast and the Enigmatic Wu Sangui
• The Battle of Shanhaiguan
• Accounts of the Battle
• After the Battle
• The Battle in Retrospect
• Conclusion and Lessons
• Additional Notes
• Sources

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1644: Showdown At Shanhaiguan

by Cao Cao

Sources

1. Albert Chan, The Glory and Fall of the Ming Dynasty 1982.
   
   
2. Cai Dong Fan, Qing Shi Yan Yi (The History of the Qing)
   
   
3. Chris Peers, Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662 1988.
   
   
4. Frederick Wakeman, The Great Enterprise
   
   
5. The History of Ancient Wars in China, Volume 15
   
   
6. Angela Hsi, "Wu San-kuei in 1644, a Reappraisal" Journal of Asian Studies.

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